• Thursday, 2 July 2026
  • 3:05 pm
AHF Magazine Logo Plain
  • The Front Page
  • Government
  • Business
    • Farmers Markets
  • Science & Tech
  • Farms
  • Regional Culture
    • Foodways
    • Storytelling
    • Art
    • Music
  • General
  • Series
    • Faith in the Soil: The Biblical Agrarian Movement
    • 2026 ARC&D Farm Tour Highlights
  • Your Story
    • Fresh Voices Wanted
    • Become a Contributor: Upload Your Article Content Now
  • Weather
  • About Us
  • Home
  • The Generalist: A Funky Twist on the Old General Store
The Building where The Generalist lives
Art Business General

The Generalist: A Funky Twist on the Old General Store

Aaron Creighton Jun 30, 2026 0

On East Main Street in downtown Johnson City, The Generalist feels familiar before it feels easy to define. There are…

Read More
BRISTOL WEATHER
ARC&D Council Summer Field School Ad

Subscribe to our newsletter! It's Free!

Sign up for weekly articles delivered to your inbox. You will also get sponsored event updates and special offers!

Thank you!

You have successfully joined our subscriber list.

Women Preserving Farmland Ad
Jericho Shrine Hall Rental Advertisement for wedding venue

Categories

  • 2026 ARC&D Farm Tour Highlights
  • Art
  • Business
  • Faith in the Soil: The Biblical Agrarian Movement
  • Farmers Markets
  • Farms
  • Featured
  • Foodways
  • General
  • Government
  • Health
  • History
  • How To
  • Regional Culture
  • Restaurant
  • Science & Tech
  • Storytelling
  • Weather

“Agriculture is our wisest pursuit, because it will in the end contribute most to real wealth, good morals, and happiness.” 

Thomas Jefferson

Nature's Weather Forecasters: Spoons, Forks, and Fuzzy Caterpillars

Wooley Bear Caterpillar by Micha L. Rieser
Wooley Bear Caterpillar by Micha L. Rieser

The Woolly Bear Caterpillar

The woolly bear caterpillar—the larval stage of the Isabella tiger moth—is perhaps the most famous insect prognosticator. These fuzzy caterpillars are defined by the black bands on their front and back ends, separated by a rusty-brown band in the middle.

The lore states that the width of the center band tells you exactly what to expect from the winter weather:

  • A wider brown band: Signals a milder winter.
  • A narrow brown band: Warns of a severe, deeply cold winter.

Celebrating the Forecast: Regional Festivals

While entomologists might attribute a woolly bear's band thickness to its age and spring feeding habits, the folklore remains deeply embedded in mountain culture. Each fall, the tradition is celebrated at massive community gatherings. If you want to see the forecast made live, check out these regional festivals:

  • Banner Elk Woolly Worm Festival (Banner Elk, NC): Just a short drive south into the North Carolina High Country, this is the premier event of its kind. Held every third weekend in October since 1978, the festival draws thousands to watch caterpillars race up three-foot strings. The winning worm's owner takes home $1,000, and that specific caterpillar is used to declare the official winter forecast.
  • Beattyville Woolly Worm Festival (Beattyville, KY): Deep in the heart of Lee County, this festival serves as a major community gathering point. It blends the caterpillar racing tradition with live entertainment, Appalachian foodways, and heritage crafts, anchoring the fall season for the local community.
Persimmon seeds, picture from The Commercial Appeal
Persimmon seeds, image from Commercial Appeal

The Persimmon Seed Forecast

One of the most uniquely regional traditions involves the native American persimmon tree (Diospyros virginiana). According to local folklore, if you take a locally grown, fully ripe persimmon in the fall and split the dark seed lengthwise, the white cotyledon (kernel) inside will reveal a distinct shape that acts as a winter forecast:

The Spoon, Fork, and Knife Forecast. Source: Mossy Oak

  • The Spoon: Represents a shovel. Expect a winter with heavy, shovel-worthy snow.
  • The Fork: Represents a mild winter with light, powdery snow that will fall right through the tines of a pitchfork.
  • The Knife: Represents wind sharp enough to cut. Expect a bitterly cold, icy winter.
More Stories
The Building where The Generalist lives
The Generalist: A Funky Twist on the Old General Store
Jun 30, 2026
A herd of goats eating from troughs
Goat Woods: The Work and Flavor Behind Ziegenwald Dairy
Jun 26, 2026
Asian Longhorn Tick - Photo courtesy of Joshua Jackson, Kansas State University
Asian Longhorned Tick Brings New Risk to Cattle Herds
Jun 25, 2026
A bee pollinating a flower. - Photo by Kathryn Jacobson
The Pollenpocalypse
Jun 20, 2026
A barn in the Chuckey TN Area
2026 ARC&D Farm Tour: The Best of Local Agriculture
Jun 17, 2026
ARC&D Council Summer Field School Ad
Women Preserving Farmland Ad

The Cocoa Trail: Where to Find Cocoa Bean & Butter

The Simkus family stays busy keeping local shelves stocked. If you are looking to get your hands on their artisanal treats, you can find them at these local hubs:

Boone Street Market

Boone Street Market:

  • Address: 101 Boone St, Jonesborough, TN 37659
  • Phone: (423) 753-4722
  • Website: jonesboroughlocallygrown.org/boone-street-market
The Generalist in Johnson City

The Generalist: General Store and Retail Collective:

  • Address: 248 E Main St, Johnson City, TN 37604
  • Phone: (423) 800-8803
  • Website: thegeneralist.store
Greenehouse

The Greenhouse:

  • Address: 407 Tusculum Blvd, Greeneville, TN 37745
  • Phone: (423) 823-9611
  • Website: shopthegreenehouse.com
Faithful Fields Farm store

Faithful Fields Farm:

  • Address: 1101 Carroll Creek Rd, Johnson City, TN 37601
  • Phone: (423) 440-7153
  • Website: faithfulfieldsfarm.com
Freedom Farm Farmstand

Freedom Farmstead:

  • Address: 1084 Reedy Creek Rd, Bristol, TN 37620
  • Phone: (423) 293-8329
  • Website: freedomfarmstead.com
Johnson City Farmers Market

Johnson City Farmers Market:

  • Address: 105 W Main St, Johnson City, TN 37604
  • Phone: (423) 467-5327
  • Website: facebook.com/johnsoncityfarmersmarket
Website picture

Direct Orders:

Visit their website at cocoabeanandbutter.com

Our Top Picks: The Tasting Menu

Not sure where to start? Here are a few standout creations you absolutely have to try:

Dark Coffee

Dark Chocolate with Coffee:

A bold and energizing treat. This robust bark features coarse-ground coffee beans suspended in rich dark chocolate, offering a deeply roasted crunch that perfectly complements the chocolate's natural intensity.

Butter Toffee

Luanne's Butter Toffee:

An original, 30-year-old family recipe from Michigan that melts perfectly in your mouth. This is a rich and robust sweet experience.

Tart Cherry

Tart Cherry Bark:

Deeply flavored and unapologetically rich, pairing the bright tang of cherry with premium chocolate.

Close-up of a milk chocolate bar packaging with a yellow seal reading CocoaBean & Butter and bold text.

Wavy Potato Chip in Dark Chocolate:

A masterclass in the sweet-and-salty dynamic. Thick, wavy potato chips are crumbled directly into dark chocolate, delivering a satisfyingly salty crunch that cuts right through the sweetness and elevates the rich cocoa flavors.

Craftsmanship Runs in the Family

Hand Carved kitchen spoons

The Simkus family's dedication to handcrafted goods doesn't stop at the kitchen door. When you catch Cocoa Bean & Butter at local events, keep an eye out for the other side of the family's artistic talents. Alongside the chocolate barks and toffees, you'll find one of Joel and Kelly's son selling his own beautifully detailed leatherwork and hand-carved wooden spoons—proving that a dedication to artisan craftsmanship is genuinely a family trait.

JONESBOROUGH WEATHER
Jonesborough downtown

Discovering Jonesborough—History, Heritage, and Handmade Art

While its youthful, artistic energy feels entirely modern, Jonesborough's roots run deep. Established in 1779—seventeen years before Tennessee even became a state—it is officially the oldest town in Tennessee. Today, the town is a growing community of roughly 6,750 residents experiencing an influx of young professionals and families, but its foundation was built by pioneers, rebels, and craftsmen.

A Town of Firsts

  • Jonesborough's rebellious spirit shines through its past. Between 1784 and 1788, the town was the capital of the short-lived State of Franklin, an unrecognized territory formed by frontier settlers seeking independence.
  • Jonesborough's progressive legacy is equally enduring. In 1820, the town was home to The Emancipator, the first American publication devoted entirely to the abolition of slavery, showing its early commitment to social change.

Resonances of the Frontier

As we explore Jonesborough's earliest days, it's important to recognize that most early structures were built primarily of wood and that very few survived the centuries. Still, this era remains tangible at a few key sites:

Christopher House photo by Steven C. Price
Christopher House photo by Steven C. Price

The Christopher Taylor House (Built 1777): This two-story log cabin is the crown jewel of Jonesborough’s frontier history. Originally located a mile outside of town, it was relocated to Main Street in 1974. A young lawyer named Andrew Jackson rented a room here in 1788.

Chester Inn - Photo by Steven C. Price
Chester Inn - Photo by Steven C. Price

The Chester Inn & Museum (Built 1797): Built just after Tennessee gained statehood, this is the oldest original commercial building still standing in the downtown district. Today, the street-level museum features a massive diorama of 1850s Jonesborough and exhibits dedicated to the State of Franklin.

Washington County Courthouse - Photo by Brian Stansberry
Washington County Courthouse - Photo by Brian Stansberry

The Washington County Courthouse Site: The beautiful 1913 courthouse in the center of town sits on a deeply historic footprint. It was on this exact spot, in a primitive 1779 log courthouse, that delegates of the unrecognized State of Franklin governed.

The Appalachian Tradition of Utilitarian Art

In the early days of Jonesborough, art was rarely something you simply hung on a wall to look at—it had to earn its keep. Life on the frontier demanded practicality, leading to a rich regional tradition of "utilitarian art." Appalachian settlers took the everyday items they needed to survive and infused them with beauty, art, and craftsmanship.

Display of Ironwork at Mill Spring Makers Market

Blacksmiths didn't just forge hinges and tools for practical use; they added elegant curves and decorative elements to the iron. Potters used the plentiful local clay to produce jugs, crocks, and bowls for food storage, then finished them with beautiful glazes and distinctive, signature rims. Weavers and quilters took scraps of fabric to keep their families warm, arranging them into elaborate, storytelling patterns.

Pottery
Beautiful Pottery at Mill Spring Makers Market

This established tradition of making the functional beautiful lives on when you walk into the Mill Spring Makers Market today. The modern makers of Jonesborough are not only inspired by, but also actively continuing the centuries-old Appalachian legacy by crafting high-quality, everyday goods—such as soaps, clothing, pottery, and furniture—just as the town's early artisans did: with creativity, skill, and their own two hands.

Rent the Jericho Shrine Hall in Kingsport, TN
Buy Local Banner
YOU MAY HAVE MISSED
The Building where The Generalist lives
Art Business General
The Generalist: A Funky Twist on the Old General Store
Aaron Creighton Jun 30, 2026
A herd of goats eating from troughs
Farms Featured
Goat Woods: The Work and Flavor Behind Ziegenwald Dairy
Aaron Creighton Jun 26, 2026
Asian Longhorn Tick - Photo courtesy of Joshua Jackson, Kansas State University
Farms Science & Tech
Asian Longhorned Tick Brings New Risk to Cattle Herds
Hiram Jensen Jun 25, 2026
A bee pollinating a flower. - Photo by Kathryn Jacobson
General Storytelling
The Pollenpocalypse
Kathryn Jacobson Jun 20, 2026
A barn in the Chuckey TN Area
2026 ARC&D Farm Tour Highlights Farms
2026 ARC&D Farm Tour: The Best of Local Agriculture
Aaron Creighton Jun 17, 2026
An old red farm truck with the logo of Horse Creek Farm and Little Lou's Creamery
2026 ARC&D Farm Tour Highlights Farms General
At Horse Creek Farms, Old Roots and New Cream
Aaron Creighton Jun 17, 2026
The front of the Appalachian Producers Cooperative
2026 ARC&D Farm Tour Highlights Business General
Inside Telford’s New Farmer-Owned Meat Cooperative
Aaron Creighton Jun 17, 2026
Open rural farm scene with red barn, wooden fences, green pastures and a bright blue sky with scattered clouds
2026 ARC&D Farm Tour Highlights Farms General
A Look at Holistic Agriculture on the ARC&D Farm Tour
Aaron Creighton Jun 17, 2026
Jonesborough farmers market scene with green Jonesborough Farmers Market - photo by A. Creighton
2026 ARC&D Farm Tour Highlights Farmers Markets Farms
Jonesborough Farmers Market: Heart of the Local Food Web
Aaron Creighton Jun 16, 2026
General Science & Tech
Smart Loaders & Suspension: Deere’s New 6R and 6M Tractors
Josh Mason Jun 9, 2026
Logo Light for black Background
Appalachian Highlands Farmer Magazine is a publication of Gavel Media, a non-profit multimedia company dedicated to strengthening agriculture, food systems, and rural culture across the Appalachian Highlands. We bridge the gap between research and practice, amplifying local voices to promote sustainability, food security, and economic resilience throughout the region.For information about this magazine, to send us ideas on things you would like to see covered here, or to advertise, get in touch with us.

Contact Info


Email:
publisher@gavelmedia.com

Call Us:
+1 909 266 3426
The Gutenberg Bible

The Ancient Animal Bill of Rights

Long before modern animal rights campaigns, the scriptures laid out non-negotiable boundaries for the ethical treatment of livestock. Here are a few foundational rules for the righteous farmer:

  • The Right to Rest (Exodus 23:12): Working animals are legally entitled to a Sabbath day off. They are not machines.
  • The Right to Eat (Deuteronomy 25:4): A working animal cannot be muzzled; it must be allowed to enjoy the harvest it is helping to bring in.
  • The Right to Comfort (Deuteronomy 22:10): Animals of vastly different sizes and gaits (like an ox and donkey) cannot be yoked together, preventing painful chafing and stress.
  • The Right to Family (Leviticus 22:27): Newborn animals must be allowed a minimum of seven days to nurse and bond with their mothers before being separated.
Cartons of brown and pale blue eggs arranged in cartons on a dark surface, viewed from above.

Decoding the Carton

When you are at the grocery store, navigating the meat and egg aisle can feel like learning a foreign language. Here is a quick guide to decoding corporate marketing terms so you can find the biblical standard:

  • "Cage-Free": The animals are out of tiny cages, but they are usually still packed by the tens of thousands inside a windowless, industrial warehouse.
  • "Free-Range": The animals are uncaged and have "access" to the outdoors. In an industrial setting, this sometimes just means a single small door leading to a dirt patch that most of the flock never actually sees.
  • "Pasture-Raised": This is the gold standard and the closest to the biblical model. Animals live outdoors on rotating pastures, expressing their natural, God-given behaviors (rooting, scratching, and grazing).
  • "Grass-Fed" vs. "Grass-Finished": Almost all cows start their lives on grass. However, "grass-finished" means they stayed on pasture their entire lives and were never sent to a crowded feedlot to be fattened on an unnatural grain diet.
Cows in a Pasture

The Herdshare Loophole

In states like Virginia, the retail sale of raw, unpasteurized milk is strictly illegal. But drinking milk from a cow you personally own is perfectly legal. Here is how local farms like Goshen Homestead use the "herdshare" to bridge the gap:

  1. Buy the Share: You pay a one-time fee to purchase a literal percentage of the farm's dairy herd. You are now a partial owner of the livestock.
  2. Pay the Board: You pay the farmer a monthly "boarding fee" to feed, house, and milk your specific portion of the cow on your behalf.
  3. Collect Your Dividends: You pick up your fresh, unprocessed milk weekly—directly from the farmer who is ethically caring for your animal on pasture.
Katherine Creighton, and Sabrina Fleenor. Know your farmer

Know Your Farmer, Know Your Flock

Are you ready to support ethical animal husbandry in the Appalachian Highlands? Don't be afraid to ask questions at your local farmers market. A righteous farmer will be proud to answer these:

  • "What is their primary diet?" Look for grass-finished ruminants (cows and sheep) and supplemental non-GMO feed for foraging animals like poultry and pigs.
  • "How often are they moved?" Ethical pasture management requires moving animals frequently so they always have fresh forage and do not destroy the soil or sit in their own waste.
  • "Where are they processed?" Many ethical farmers use local, low-stress processing facilities or process directly on-farm, intentionally avoiding massive industrial slaughterhouses.

Subscribe to our newsletter! It's Free!

Sign up for weekly articles delivered to your inbox. You will also get sponsored event updates and special offers!

Thank you!

You have successfully joined our subscriber list.

Pakistani Spices
Pakistani Spices

Spice Meets Soul — The Anatomy of a Pakalachian Plate

At first glance, the rugged mountains of Appalachia and the bustling, historic regions of Pakistan might seem culinary worlds apart. But as Mohsin and Katlin Kazmi discovered through a simple Venn diagram, these two distinct food traditions share a deeply rooted, agrarian soul.

Both cuisines were born out of necessity, resourcefulness, and a profound respect for what the land provides. Here is a look at how these two comfort-food giants break down—and how beautifully they blend.

The Pakistani Pantry: Complex and Comforting

  • The Foundation: Traditional Pakistani cuisine relies heavily on rich, slow-simmered bases. Tomatoes, onions, garlic, and ginger form the backbone of countless curries.
  • The Spices: It's all about the intricate, warming blends. Cumin, coriander, turmeric, cardamom, and garam masala create a depth of flavor that is both exotic and deeply soothing.
  • The Staples: Hearty lentils (daal), chickpeas, tender braised meats, and fragrant basmati rice are everyday essentials, designed to fuel a hard day's work and feed a crowd.

The Appalachian Kitchen: Resourceful and Rooted

  • The Foundation: Appalachian food is defined by its deep connection to the seasons and the soil. If you can grow it, forage it, or preserve it, it belongs on the table.
  • The Flavors: Savory, smoky, and satisfying. Think cast-iron cornbread, slow-cooked collard greens, rich gravies, and the sharp tang of pickled vegetables.
  • The Staples: Potatoes, corn, beans, and foraged wild edibles (like mushrooms, ramps, and even kudzu) form a resourceful, hearty diet that has sustained mountain families for generations.
Born and Cornbread Bhindi
Born and Cornbread Bhindi

The Pakalachian Intersection

When you strip away the geography, you are left with two cultures that show their love through food. Both traditions champion the idea of using simple, accessible ingredients to create profound comfort.

When the Kazmis pour a meticulously spiced, tomato-based Pakistani chicken curry over a bed of buttery, Appalachian-style mashed potatoes, it isn't just a gimmick. It is a brilliant culinary handshake. It proves that whether you are in the valleys of Punjab or the hills of Russell County, the universal language of a home-cooked meal translates perfectly.

ABINGDON WEATHER
Buy Local Banner
Jericho Shrine Gun Shows Advertisement

Ancient Faith, Modern Action

The foundation of "Christian Agrarianism" isn't a modern invention; it’s baked right into ancient texts. Interestingly, when farmers practice this ancient faith today, the results align perfectly with the modern sustainable food movement.

Here is a quick look at how the old translates to the new, and how you can support this movement right here in the Appalachian Highlands.

Farming by the Verse

The Sabbath of the Soil (Leviticus 25:4)
The Sabbath of the Soil (Leviticus 25:4)
  • The Sabbath of the Soil (Leviticus 25:4): "But in the seventh year the land is to have a year of sabbath rest... Do not sow your fields."
    • The Modern Translation: Today, we call this Regenerative Agriculture and Fallowing. It is the practice of allowing soil to rest so it can naturally rebuild topsoil without synthetic fertilizers.
The Law of Gleaning (Leviticus 19:9)
The Law of Gleaning (Leviticus 19:9)

The Law of Gleaning (Leviticus 19:9): "When you reap the harvest of your land, do not reap to the very edges of your field... Leave them for the poor."

  • The Modern Translation: Today, we see this spirit alive in Farm-to-Food-Bank programs and Food Justice initiatives. Rather than viewing unharvested or "imperfect" crops as a loss of profit, this ethical approach builds community care right into the harvest, ensuring that excess yields and intentional donations go directly to local pantries, shelters, and neighbors in need.
  • Care for Creation (Proverbs 12:10): "The righteous care for the needs of their animals."
    • The Modern Translation: Today, we seek this through Ethical Animal Husbandry and Pasture-Raised standards, ensuring animals can live out their natural, God-given behaviors.
Farmers Market
Johnson City Farmers Market

Bring It Home to the Highlands

You don't need a hundred acres to participate in the biblical agrarian movement. The easiest way to become a steward of the land is to change how you buy your groceries.

  • Go to the Market: Visit your local farmers' market. Whether you are in Bristol, Abingdon, Elizabethton, Kingsport, Johnson City, Asheville, or further north, make it a point to shake the farmers' hands and ask them about their soil and pasture practices.
    • Look for Herdshares: In states like Virginia, where retail sales of raw milk are restricted, joining a local micro-dairy herdshare (like the one offered by Goshen Homestead in Elk Garden) allows you to legally access fresh milk while supporting small-scale, ethical farmers directly.
  • Invest in a CSA (Community-Supported Agriculture): Buying a CSA share is essentially subscribing to a farm. You pay a membership fee upfront at the beginning of the season, which gives the farmer the crucial revenue they need to plant and manage their crops. In return, you get a regular box of fresh, seasonal produce directly from the dirt it was grown in.
  • Buy the Whole Bird: Purchasing whole, pasture-raised chickens or buying a quarter-share of a grass-finished cow directly from a local homesteader reduces industrial waste and keeps your food dollars in the community ecosystem.
The Gleaner in the Barley Field (The Book of Ruth)
The Gleaner in the Barley Field (The Book of Ruth)

The Gleaner in the Barley Field (The Book of Ruth)

Ruth 2:1-17

After losing her husband and moving to a foreign land with her mother-in-law, Ruth survives by utilizing the biblical welfare system: the law of gleaning. She goes into the barley fields during the harvest and walks behind the harvesters, picking up the stalks of grain they drop or leave at the edges. The wealthy landowner, Boaz, notices her hard work and instructs his men to deliberately pull out stalks from the bundles and leave them on the ground just for her.

The Prophet Behind the Plow (The Call of Elisha)
The Prophet Behind the Plow (The Call of Elisha)

The Prophet Behind the Plow (The Call of Elisha)

1 Kings 19:19-21

Before Elisha became one of Israel's greatest prophets, he was just a farmer working a massive piece of land. When the older prophet Elijah comes to call him into ministry, he doesn't find Elisha praying in a temple; he finds him in the dirt. Elisha is driving a team of oxen, plowing a massive field with twelve yoke (pairs) of oxen in front of him.

The Sower and the Four Soils (The Parable of the Sower)
The Sower and the Four Soils (The Parable of the Sower)

The Sower and the Four Soils (The Parable of the Sower)

Matthew 13:1-9; Mark 4:1-9

Jesus often used agricultural metaphors because his entire audience consisted of farmers and laborers. In his most famous parable, he describes a farmer walking a field, broadcasting seed by hand. He describes the reality of ancient agriculture: some seed hits the hard-packed walking path and is eaten by birds; some falls in shallow rocky soil and burns up in the sun; some is choked out by thorn bushes, but the seed that hits the deep, rich topsoil produces a massive, hundredfold harvest.

The Orchard Worker and the Flock (The Calling of Amos)
The Orchard Worker and the Flock (The Calling of Amos)

The Orchard Worker and the Flock (The Calling of Amos)

Amos 7:14-15

When Amos is accused of being a professional, paid prophet who is just stirring up trouble, he aggressively defends his blue-collar roots. He clearly states that he isn't a politician or a member of the religious elite. He is a herdsman who raises sheep, and his side job is to pierce (or nudge) sycamore-fig trees to help the fruit ripen. He is a true homesteader managing both livestock and orchards.

The Threshing Floor of Araunah (David Buys the Land)
The Threshing Floor of Araunah (David Buys the Land)

The Threshing Floor of Araunah (David Buys the Land)

2 Samuel 24:18-25

King David needs a place to build an altar to God, and he is directed to a high, flat piece of land owned by a farmer named Araunah. When David arrives, Araunah is in the middle of threshing wheat. Araunah offers to give the king the land and the oxen for free, but David refuses, famously saying he will not offer God something that costs him nothing. He buys the working farm at full price.

Portrait of Carl Barckhoff, smoking a pipe, circa 1880

The Master Builder: Carl Barckhoff

The original organ at Grace Evangelical Lutheran Church was actually the very first pipe organ ever installed in Waynesboro. It was built by Carl Barckhoff, a highly respected organ maker of the era.

  • The Carnegie Connection: To fund this impressive instrument, the congregation actually secured a financial contribution from the famous industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie!
  • German Craftsmanship: Barckhoff (1849–1919) was born in Westphalia, Germany, and immigrated to the US in 1865. His factories employed dozens of skilled German immigrant craftsmen—cabinet makers, pipe decorators, and voicers—who brought old-world precision to the Appalachian region and beyond.
  • Built to Last: What makes Barckhoff organs incredibly special today is their robust "tracker action" (the mechanical, non-electric linkage between the keys and the valves). While his own companies suffered devastating fires and floods over the decades, the organs he built were of such high quality—often using high-percentage tin and lead pipes, and solid oak or walnut—that many, like the one at Grace, are still singing a century later.
Daniel K Smith tunes an organ

A Lifetime in the Loft

A Local Craftsman

Based nearby in Crimora, Virginia, Daniel K. Smith has devoted more than four decades to the care, restoration, and renewal of pipe organs. As president of D. K. Smith Pipe Organ Services, Dan combines traditional craftsmanship with modern organ technology, working on everything from historic tracker-action instruments to custom pipe-digital hybrid systems.

Preserving Grace's Musical Heritage

His work with Grace's 19th-century Barckhoff organ reflects a deep respect for the past and a practical understanding of how churches use their instruments today. By preserving the sound and character of historic pipes while thoughtfully incorporating newer technology when needed, Dan helps congregations keep their musical heritage alive.

The Organ as a Living Instrument

Dan is also an accomplished organist, known for playing dedication concerts on the instruments he installs or restores. Whether he is working inside the organ chamber or seated at the manuals, his aim is the same: to make the organ welcoming, expressive, and capable of moving the hearts of those who hear it.

Close-up of vertical metal organ pipes arranged by length on a wooden rack, with white cords draped among them.

Glossary of the Pipes

  • Nave: The central, main body of the church sanctuary where the congregation sits, designed to carry the acoustics from the loft overhead.
  • Manual: A keyboard on a pipe organ. While a piano has one, organs often have several (the Grace organ has two) played with the hands, alongside a pedalboard played with the feet.
  • Stops: The knobs pulled by the organist to direct air into specific sets of pipes, changing the instrument's voice (like the deep "Bassoon"). The phrase "pulling out all the stops" comes from the practice of engaging every pipe at once for maximum volume.
  • Tracker Action: The historic, purely mechanical linkage connecting the physical keys to the air valves beneath the pipes. This requires immense precision from the organ builder and gives the musician a tactile connection to the music.
Reverence Ambrose Henkel

Names in the Pews: The Founders of Grace

"The names recorded in the early registries and etched into the memorial windows of Grace Evangelical Lutheran Church are not just random parishioners; they are the founding pillars of Augusta County." Here is a look at a few of the historic families who built and sustained the church:

The Henkel Family (Alpheus Girard Henkel, 1846–1904). The Henkel name is essentially Lutheran royalty in the Shenandoah Valley. Alpheus Girard Henkel, a prominent Waynesboro resident, was a vital early member of Grace Church and donated several beautiful stained-glass windows in memory of his wives, Fannie Killian and Etta Coyner.

Furthermore, the broader Henkel family operated the famous Henkel Press in nearby New Market, Virginia. It was their printing presses that published the very bilingual (German and English) hymnals used by the early parishioners!

The Killian Family (Philip Killian) The Killian family roots run deep in Waynesboro's civic and religious history. Philip Killian served as an active civic leader and election conductor in the region during the tumultuous years following the Civil War. His family's legacy within the church was cemented a generation later: on April 7, 1901, Philip's great-grandson, Harold K. Henkle, made history as the first infant baptized in the newly completed sanctuary of Grace Church.

The Keiner (Koiner/Coyner) Family. The "Keiner" name you see in early records is often a variation of "Koiner" or "Coyner" (originating from the patriarch Michael Keinadt). The Koiners were the original pioneers of Lutheranism in the region, having founded "Koiner's Church" (the first Lutheran church in Augusta County) just southwest of Waynesboro in the late 1700s. Generations of Coyners carried this legacy forward, helping establish Grace Evangelical so their children could learn the tenets of their faith in English rather than in the traditional German.

The Waddell Family. While the Scotch-Irish Waddells were prominent across several denominations in the valley, they were instrumental in documenting the area's history. Figures like Joseph A. Waddell authored the definitive historical texts of Augusta County, preserving the very stories of the lumber yards, mines, and freezing wagon rides that defined the era of Grace Church's founding.

More Stories
The Building where The Generalist lives
The Generalist: A Funky Twist on the Old General Store
Jun 30, 2026
A herd of goats eating from troughs
Goat Woods: The Work and Flavor Behind Ziegenwald Dairy
Jun 26, 2026
Asian Longhorn Tick - Photo courtesy of Joshua Jackson, Kansas State University
Asian Longhorned Tick Brings New Risk to Cattle Herds
Jun 25, 2026
A bee pollinating a flower. - Photo by Kathryn Jacobson
The Pollenpocalypse
Jun 20, 2026
A barn in the Chuckey TN Area
2026 ARC&D Farm Tour: The Best of Local Agriculture
Jun 17, 2026
An old red farm truck with the logo of Horse Creek Farm and Little Lou's Creamery
At Horse Creek Farms, Old Roots and New Cream
Jun 17, 2026
The front of the Appalachian Producers Cooperative
Inside Telford’s New Farmer-Owned Meat Cooperative
Jun 17, 2026
Open rural farm scene with red barn, wooden fences, green pastures and a bright blue sky with scattered clouds
A Look at Holistic Agriculture on the ARC&D Farm Tour
Jun 17, 2026
Jonesborough farmers market scene with green Jonesborough Farmers Market - photo by A. Creighton
Jonesborough Farmers Market: Heart of the Local Food Web
Jun 16, 2026
Smart Loaders & Suspension: Deere’s New 6R and 6M Tractors
Jun 9, 2026
Women Preserving Farmland Ad
ARC&D Council Summer Field School Ad
Latest News
The Building where The Generalist lives
The Generalist: A Funky Twist on the Old General Store
Jun 30, 2026
A herd of goats eating from troughs
Goat Woods: The Work and Flavor Behind Ziegenwald Dairy
Jun 26, 2026
Asian Longhorn Tick - Photo courtesy of Joshua Jackson, Kansas State University
Asian Longhorned Tick Brings New Risk to Cattle Herds
Jun 25, 2026
A bee pollinating a flower. - Photo by Kathryn Jacobson
The Pollenpocalypse
Jun 20, 2026
A barn in the Chuckey TN Area
2026 ARC&D Farm Tour: The Best of Local Agriculture
Jun 17, 2026
An old red farm truck with the logo of Horse Creek Farm and Little Lou's Creamery
At Horse Creek Farms, Old Roots and New Cream
Jun 17, 2026
The front of the Appalachian Producers Cooperative
Inside Telford’s New Farmer-Owned Meat Cooperative
Jun 17, 2026
Open rural farm scene with red barn, wooden fences, green pastures and a bright blue sky with scattered clouds
A Look at Holistic Agriculture on the ARC&D Farm Tour
Jun 17, 2026
Jonesborough farmers market scene with green Jonesborough Farmers Market - photo by A. Creighton
Jonesborough Farmers Market: Heart of the Local Food Web
Jun 16, 2026
Smart Loaders & Suspension: Deere’s New 6R and 6M Tractors
Jun 9, 2026

A Note from the Publisher

Appalachian Highlands Farmers Magazine Publisher Aaron Creighton
Aaron Creighton, Publisher

The Mountains Haven't Changed, But Our Tools Finally Have, and They Need To.

Farming in the Appalachian Highlands has always been defined by one stubborn reality: the land. For generations, the geography has dictated our boundaries. We graze where we can run a fence line; we plant where a tractor won't tip over; we leave the steepest hollers to the briars because the risk isn't worth the return.

But as I review the research for this month's feature on agricultural technology, I am struck by a singular realization: The technology has finally caught up to our topography.

For decades, "Ag-Tech" was designed for the flat, endless horizons of the Midwest. Massive combines and thousand-acre automated pivots don't work in a terrain where you can see your own backyard from your front porch but can't drive a truck to it. We were left to make do with equipment that fought the mountain rather than worked with it.

That era is ending.

The technologies we profile in this issue—virtual fencing that ignores creek beds and rock ledges, drones that seed gullies from the air, and solar robots light enough to float over wet bottomland—are different. They don't demand that we flatten the land to suit the machine. They adapt the machine to suit the land.

This is not about replacing the farmer. It is about recovering the farm. It is about bringing that overgrown hillside back into production without risking your life on a tractor seat. It is about protecting the Holston and Watauga watersheds with precision we couldn't achieve by hand.

We don't adopt these tools to forget our heritage. We adopt them to ensure we can afford to keep it.

Aaron Creighton, Publisher, Appalachian Highlands Farmers Magazine

Gavel Media Square Ad
WAYNESBORO WEATHER

107 Acres! 20 Years in the Making! 41-Mile Views!

Overlook at Sunset Park
Photo Courtesy Waynesboro Parks and Recreation

A Story of Waynesboro's Sunset Park

Perched at the highest point in Waynesboro, the 107-acre Sunset Park is a stunning testament to patience and vision. Long before it offered 360-degree views of the Shenandoah Valley, this mountaintop was a rock quarry and, until 2003, the city's landfill.

Due to the environmental complexities of repurposing a capped landfill, the city took nearly two decades to navigate regulations and secure funding. Finally, aided by grants and the American Rescue Plan Act, the $3.2 million transformation was completed in June 2024. It was an immediate triumph, drawing over 4,000 vehicles in its first week and earning the 2024 Virginia Recreation and Park Society Award for Best New Facility.

Designed for the Golden Hour

Sunset Park is uniquely designed for the evening experience. As the first park in Waynesboro, specifically designed to stay open past dusk, it features specialized, dimmable lighting along its overlooks. This ensures visitors can safely navigate without artificial glare ruining the 41-mile views down the Blue Ridge Mountains.

More Than Just a View

In addition to its evening appeal, the park offers expansive lawns, a timber-framed pavilion, and year-round restrooms, and warmly welcomes outdoor enthusiasts. A 1-mile natural-surface trail loop, built in partnership with the Shenandoah Valley Bicycle Coalition, currently invites hikers and mountain bikers, with another 3.5 miles of singletrack trails planned for the future.

Featured Articles
The Building where The Generalist lives
The Generalist: A Funky Twist on the Old General Store
Jun 30, 2026
A herd of goats eating from troughs
Goat Woods: The Work and Flavor Behind Ziegenwald Dairy
Jun 26, 2026
Asian Longhorn Tick - Photo courtesy of Joshua Jackson, Kansas State University
Asian Longhorned Tick Brings New Risk to Cattle Herds
Jun 25, 2026
A bee pollinating a flower. - Photo by Kathryn Jacobson
The Pollenpocalypse
Jun 20, 2026
A barn in the Chuckey TN Area
2026 ARC&D Farm Tour: The Best of Local Agriculture
Jun 17, 2026
An old red farm truck with the logo of Horse Creek Farm and Little Lou's Creamery
At Horse Creek Farms, Old Roots and New Cream
Jun 17, 2026
The front of the Appalachian Producers Cooperative
Inside Telford’s New Farmer-Owned Meat Cooperative
Jun 17, 2026
Open rural farm scene with red barn, wooden fences, green pastures and a bright blue sky with scattered clouds
A Look at Holistic Agriculture on the ARC&D Farm Tour
Jun 17, 2026

Terms & Services | Privacy Policy

The Demystification of Ricky's Unique Ingredients

While chatting with Ricky about his diverse selections, two specific ingredients stood out from the familiar green and black teas: Pu'erh and Cordyceps. If you haven't experienced them before, they represent entirely different worlds of herbalism and tea culture.

Pu'erh: The Vintage Wine of Tea

Organic Pu'erh Tea
Organic Pu'erh Tea

Originating exclusively from the Yunnan province in southwestern China, this ancient tea isn't just oxidized—it is actually fermented. Much like a fine vintage wine, high-quality Pu'erh (pronounced poo-air) doesn't go stale; it actively improves, mellows, and appreciates in value as it ages.

  • The Two Main Types: Sheng (Raw): The leaves are lightly processed and left to naturally ferment over years or even decades. Young Sheng is fresh and floral, but it deepens and smooths as it ages.
  • Shou (Ripe): Developed in the 1970s, this type undergoes an accelerated microbial fermentation process (similar to composting) over a few months. The result is a dark, rich brew that is ready to drink immediately.
  • The Flavor Profile: Thanks to fermentation, Pu'erh is famous for its distinct earthy, woody, and sometimes mushroomy flavor. It is incredibly thick and smooth, lacking the bitter tannins often found in strongly brewed black teas.
  • The Unique Format: While you can buy it loose, Pu'erh is traditionally steamed and compressed into solid shapes like Cakes (Bingcha), Bricks (Zhuancha), or Bird’s Nests (Tuocha). To brew a cup, you use a special tea pick or knife to gently pry a small chunk of leaves from the solid cake.
  • Wellness Benefits: In traditional Chinese medicine, Pu'erh is highly regarded as a digestive aid. It is frequently enjoyed after heavy, greasy meals to settle the stomach.

Cordyceps Militaris
Cordyceps Militaris Andreas Kunze, CC BY-SA 3.0

Cordyceps: The Energy Mushroom

Ricky incorporates Cordyceps into his mushroom teas, and it is easily one of the most bizarre and brilliant fungi on the planet. In the wild, traditional Cordyceps sinensis is known as a parasitic fungus that grows on insects at high altitudes in the Himalayas.

Don't worry, though—the Cordyceps used in modern teas and supplements (usually Cordyceps militaris) is sustainably cultivated on nutrient-rich, vegan substrates like organic oats or rice, rather than bugs!

  • The Flavor Profile: Unlike the intensely earthy taste of some medicinal mushrooms, Cordyceps has a very mild, slightly nutty, and savory flavor that blends perfectly into teas without overpowering the other herbs.
  • The "Athlete's Mushroom": Cordyceps is world-renowned for its impact on physical energy. It is believed to increase the body's production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which delivers energy to your muscles.
  • Wellness Benefits: Beyond a jitter-free energy boost, it is heavily utilized in holistic medicine to improve oxygen utilization, support respiratory health, and increase stamina and endurance.
BRISTOL WEATHER
Two Gourds growing on the vine

The Life Cycle of a Gourd Canvas

Long before an artist picks up a carving tool or a paintbrush, the gourd must undergo a rigorous, months-long curing process. Transforming a heavy, green gourd into a lightweight, wood-like canvas requires immense patience.

The Harvest and Wash

A gourd must remain on the vine until the first hard frost kills the plant. Farmers harvest the gourds, leaving a few inches of stem attached to wick away moisture. They wash the fresh gourds in soapy water, then splash in bleach or vinegar to kill field bacteria.

Dried, hollowed gourds

The Waiting Game

Growers place the gourds in a dark, well-ventilated area, often hanging them by their stems or placing them on slatted racks. Airflow is critical.

Embracing the Mold

As moisture evaporates through the porous shell, a thick layer of white, green, or black mold blooms on the skin. This natural process creates the unique "marbling" patterns on the finished shell.

The Rattle Test

Farmers check the gourds weekly, rotating them and discarding any that turn soft. The curing process is complete when the gourd feels as light as hollow wood, and the dried seeds rattle freely inside.

The Final Scrub

The artist soaks the fully cured gourd in water and uses a copper wire brush to scrub away the dried mold and outer skin. This reveals the smooth, hard, woody surface beneath, finally ready for the artist's touch.

Gourds Hollowed out and carved
POWELL WEATHER
The Still at Rustic Roots Lavender
The Still at Rustic Roots Lavender

The Science and Agriculture of Rustic Roots Lavender

The Magic of Hydrosols While essential oils often take the spotlight in aromatherapy, hydrosols are the unsung heroes of botanical distillation. When a plant like lavender is steam-distilled, the process separates the plant's volatile oils from its water-soluble components. The concentrated oil is collected as essential oil, while the remaining nutrient-rich aromatic water is the hydrosol.

Illustration of the Distilling process
Illustration of the Distilling Process

Because hydrosols contain the plant's water-soluble compounds along with a trace amount of essential oil, they deliver the herb's therapeutic properties in a much gentler, diluted form. This makes them incredibly safe and versatile. While essential oils usually need to be diluted with carrier oils before being applied to the skin, hydrosols can be sprayed directly onto the face, used as soothing room and linen mists, or formulated into gentle lotions and bug repellents.

Delicate Lavender Buds Photo By Fir0002/Flagstaffotos

Cultivating Lavender in Virginia Lavender is native to the Mediterranean, which means it thrives in specific conditions: full sun, excellent air circulation, and exceptionally well-draining soil. The plant despises "wet feet" (roots sitting in water), making the sloping hills of Southwest Virginia an ideal landscape for drainage.

Newly planted Lavender Plant at Rustic Roots Lavender
Newly planted Lavender Plant at Rustic Roots Lavender

Growing lavender requires strategic patience. As practiced at Fleming Fields Farm, farmers must wait until the threat of the final spring frost has completely passed—typically mid-May in this region—before pruning the dormant plants. Pruning too early encourages new growth that a late frost will easily kill. Once safely pruned, the plants focus their energy on producing the vibrant, fragrant purple spikes that bloom in mid-to-late summer, ready for cutting, drying, and distillation.

Two cute little goats
Two cute little goats

The Appeal of Miniature Livestock Miniature farm animals—like mini Highland cows, Nigerian Dwarf goats, and babydoll sheep—are a massive draw for agritourism, but they also serve practical agricultural purposes.

These animals are developed in a few ways. Some, like the Nigerian Dwarf goat, are naturally occurring small breeds that originated in West Africa. Others, like miniature cattle, are the result of decades of selective breeding, where farmers intentionally breed the smallest, healthiest standard cattle over multiple generations to downsize the bloodline without introducing genetic defects.

Mini Highland Cow
Mini Highland Cow

Farmers raise them for several reasons. Miniature livestock require significantly less acreage, consume a fraction of the feed, and are far easier to handle than their full-sized counterparts. For an agritourism destination like Fleming Fields Farm, their docile nature and approachable size make them perfect for interactive, educational experiences like the Wrangler Club, allowing children and adults to safely learn about animal husbandry.

JOHNSON CITY WEATHER

Breaking Ground on the Frontier: What the Tiptons Grew in the 1780s

View of the Tipton-Haynes Property from the Tipton House
View of the Tipton-Haynes Property from the Tipton House

As I walked the 45 acres of the Tipton-Haynes Historic Site, passing the restored loom house, the smokehouse, and the massive dogtrot log barn, my mind naturally shifted from politics to agriculture. How did families like the Tiptons actually survive—and thrive—in the rugged Appalachian highlands of the 1780s?

Farming in the short-lived State of Franklin wasn't just about putting food on the table; it was about people's survival, and their economic power depended on it. Hard currencies, such as gold and silver, were practically nonexistent on the frontier; as a result, the crops and livestock a farmer raised doubled as their bank account.

Here is a look at the agricultural engine that kept the Tipton farm running during the late 18th century.

A Corn Field in Tennessee
A Corn Field in Tennessee

The Reign of Corn

If you farmed in East Tennessee in 1788, corn was king. It was the absolute foundation of the frontier diet and economy. Unlike wheat, which required meticulously cleared and plowed fields, farmers could plant corn among the stumps of newly felled trees.

  • Human and Animal Fuel: Families ground corn into meal for johnnycakes, mush, and cornbread. The stalks and leaves offered essential winter fodder for livestock.
  • Liquid Currency: Corn that wasn't eaten was often distilled into whiskey. In the State of Franklin, whiskey and apple brandy were legally recognized as currency for paying taxes and paying debts. The presence of a "still house" on the Tipton property highlights just how vital this practice was.
  • The Three Sisters: Adopting techniques from the Cherokee, frontier farmers often planted climbing beans and sprawling squash or pumpkins alongside their corn, boosting yield and protecting the soil.
The Weaving Loom at Tipton-Haynes State Historic Site
The Loom at Tipton-Haynes State Historic Site

Cash Crops and Textiles

While corn kept the family alive, other crops provided essentials and a path to wealth.

  • Flax and Hemp: Before cotton dominated the South, Appalachian farmers relied heavily on flax and hemp. Families processed the fibrous stalks to spin into thread, weaving them into "linsey-woolsey" cloth to make their own clothing. The restored loom house on the property illustrates this labor-intensive process.
  • Tobacco: Even in the 1780s, tobacco was a lucrative cash crop. It was laborious to grow, but easily transported once loaded onto a ship and highly valued in eastern markets, making it one of the few reliable ways to generate actual wealth.
A cattle farm in Tennessee
A Cattle Farm in Tennessee

Livestock on the Loose

Frontier livestock management looked vastly different from the fenced-in pastures we see today. Animal husbandry in the 1780s was an exercise in "open-range" farming.

  • The Indispensable Hog: Hogs were the perfect frontier animal. Farmers marked their pigs' ears with unique notches and simply turned them loose in the surrounding Appalachian forests to forage for acorns, chestnuts, and roots. In the fall, they rounded them up for slaughter. The Tipton smokehouse would have been packed with salt-cured bacon and hams, ensuring the family had protein through the brutal winters.
  • Cattle and Oxen: Cattle supplied essential milk, butter, and leather. More importantly, large castrated bulls (oxen) provided the immense draft power required to haul massive logs, clear land, and pull heavy plows through the rocky mountain soil.
  • Sheep: While highly prized for their wool, sheep were incredibly difficult to raise in the 1780s due to the large populations of wolves, panthers, and bears in the surrounding mountains. Keeping a flock safe required constant vigilance.

Farming in 1788 required immense physical grit and a thorough knowledge of the land. Standing next to the Tipton corncrib today, you gain deep respect for the pioneer farmers who carved out a living in this wild, untamed frontier.

Subscribe to our newsletter! It's Free!

Sign up for weekly articles delivered to your inbox. You will also get sponsored event updates and special offers!

Thank you!

You have successfully joined our subscriber list.

Jericho Shrine Gun Shows Advertisement
Women Preserving Farmland Ad
ARC&D Council Summer Field School Ad
Two Story House with blue porch ceiling Photo by Photo by Comstock Images
Two Story House with blue porch ceiling Photo by Comstock Images

The Science Behind the Superstition: Does Haint Blue Actually Repel Bugs?

In the story, the designer notes that painting a ceiling Haint Blue reduces insect infestations. While the Gullah Geechee originally used the color to mimic water and block restless spirits from entering the home, there is actually scientific evidence supporting its bug-repelling reputation.

The Lye Factor

In the 1800s, commercial exterior paints did not exist. Instead, people mixed their own "milk paint" using milk, lime, earth pigments, and lye. Lye acts as a natural, highly effective insecticide. While homeowners thought they were warding off ghosts, the lye in the blue paint was actively altering the surface's pH, keeping spiders, wasps, and mosquitoes from settling there.

The "Sky Illusion"

Even without the chemical deterrent of lye, the color itself plays a psychological trick on insects. Wasps, hornets, and spiders instinctively seek out solid, protective overhangs to build their nests. Many entomologists and painters theorize that the pale blue ceiling tricks these insects into thinking they are looking at the open sky, prompting them to fly elsewhere in search of shelter.

A Modern Solution

Today's exterior paints are completely lye-free. However, the tradition lives on with a modern twist. By pairing a Haint Blue ceiling with a mechanical ceiling fan, the resulting downdraft creates a physical barrier that weak-flying insects—like mosquitoes—simply cannot fly through.

Bottle Tree - Photo by Kevin Wise
Bottle Tree - Photo by Kevin Wise

Cobalt Glass and Captured Spirits: The Magic of Bottle Trees

If you look out from a traditional Southern porch into the garden, you might spot the striking silhouette of a bottle tree. Often constructed from the bare, twisting branches of a dead cedar or a metal frame, these "trees" are capped with brightly colored glass bottles. Much like Haint Blue paint, this tradition traces its roots back to the 9th century in Congo and was eventually brought to the American South by enslaved Africans.

Bottle Tree in a Cemetery - Photo by Natalie Maynor
Bottle Tree in a Cemetery - Photo by Natalie Maynor

The belief holds that malicious spirits, or haints, are mesmerized by the reflective colors of glass—especially cobalt blue, which is closely tied to the protective nature of Haint Blue. Drawn to the glittering glass in the dark, the spirits fly inside the bottles and become trapped. If you hear the wind blowing across the open mouths of the bottles at night, folklore says it is the sound of the haints moaning in confusion. Once the morning sun rises, the dawn's intense heat and light destroy the spirits within, protecting the home for another day. Today, bottle trees endure as a vibrant, beloved staple of Southern folk art.

Woman sweeping porch - By Yaroslav Shuraev
Woman sweeping porch - Photo by Yaroslav Shuraev

Sweeping Away Misfortune: The Rules of the Porch Broom

On a traditional porch, a broom is never just a tool for clearing dirt and leaves; it is an instrument for managing the home's spiritual energy. Because the porch serves as the main entryway, sweeping is bound by deeply ingrained superstitions meant to keep bad luck firmly on the outside.

Never Sweep After Dark

It is widely believed that sweeping your porch after the sun goes down sweeps away your family's accumulated good luck for the day. Worse, the scratching sound of the bristles in the dark is said to wake up resting spirits.

Sweep Out, Never In

You must always sweep dirt outward, starting from the front door and pushing toward the steps. This physically and symbolically pushes negative energy, bad luck, and unwanted guests off your property. Sweeping inward invites misfortune across your threshold.

New House, New Broom.

If you are lucky enough to move to a new home with a beautiful new porch, you must leave your old broom behind. Southern folklore dictates that an old broom holds onto the dirt and negative energy of your past; bringing it into a fresh space brings all your old troubles right along with it.

Buy Local Banner
The Appalachian Agrarian Guidebook

The Appalachian Agrarian Guidebook

The Theology of the Mountains

While modern farming manuals are often written for the flat acreage of the Midwest, the biblical texts are surprisingly mountain-centric. For the modern Christian Agrarian, ancient scripture perfectly captures the spirit of the Appalachian homesteader:

The Pushback on Monoculture

The Pushback on Monoculture

"When he has leveled the surface, does he not sow caraway and scatter cumin? Does he not plant wheat in its place, barley in its plot... His God instructs him and teaches him the right way." (Isaiah 28:25-26). True biblical farming requires deep, localized diversity, not endless fields of a single crop.

The Interconnected Holler

The Interconnected Holler

"He makes springs pour water into the ravines; it flows between the mountains... He makes grass grow for the cattle, and plants for people to cultivate." (Psalm 104:10, 14). The mountains aren't an obstacle to farming; they are a perfectly designed ecosystem meant to support livestock, wildlife, and humanity together.

The Independent Homesteader

The Independent Homesteader

"Everyone will sit under their own vine and under their own fig tree, and no one will make them afraid." (Micah 4:4). The ultimate biblical vision of peace isn't a massive corporate farm—it is the independent family homestead.

Agrarian Bookshelf

Dig Deeper: The Agrarian Bookshelf

Want to explore how this theology shapes modern farming in our region? Here is a starter reading list for the aspiring Christian Agrarian:

Unsettling of America by Wendell Berry

The Unsettling of America by Wendell Berry: The definitive, foundational critique of industrial agriculture by Kentucky’s most famous farmer-poet. Berry argues that modern "agribusiness" hasn't just damaged the soil—it has actively dismantled rural communities and severed our spiritual connection to the land. This book is a must-read for understanding why true stewardship requires us to remain deeply rooted in our local culture.

Blue cover of Scripture, Culture, and Agriculture featuring a white ornate tree illustration and author Ellen F. Davis on a solid blue background.

Scripture, Culture, and Agriculture: An Agrarian Reading of the Bible by Ellen F. Davis: A detailed theological text examining the Old Testament as a fundamental manual for sustainable land stewardship. Davis, a brilliant theologian, reveals how the biblical writers were profoundly agrarian. She argues that they were writing to a people whose physical survival and spiritual health depended entirely on how gently they treated their God-given soil.

Two hands slice a melon with a knife in front of a blue book cover that reads 'Soil and Sacrament' by Fred Bahnson.

Soil and Sacrament: A Spiritual Memoir of Food and Faith by Fred Bahnson: A boots-on-the-ground narrative exploring how getting our hands in the dirt connects us directly to the Creator and heals communities. Bahnson travels across the country to visit different faith-based agricultural projects—from Protestant community gardens to Catholic monasteries—proving that the simple act of growing food together is a profound spiritual practice.

Food and Faith

Food and Faith: A Theology of Eating by Norman Wirzba: A profound look at how the physical act of eating and growing food connects us directly to our local soil. Wirzba argues that eating is essentially a spiritual act, and he challenges readers to move away from thoughtless, fast-food consumption toward a lifestyle of deep gratitude that honors the life, labor, and divine grace required to put a meal on the table.

STAUNTON WEATHER
Eva Clark Headstone
Eva Clark Headstone

Thornrose Cemetery: Eccentric Figures and Enduring Legends of Staunton

Beyond the iron gates and beneath the old oaks, local tradition describes footsteps that resound after midnight and ghostly voices drifting across the hills. On mist-shrouded mornings, witnesses claim to see women in mourning black and catch the evanescent notes of a circus tune as it vanishes into the fog.

While Staunton’s Thornrose Cemetery is famous for its sweeping 19th-century vistas and imposing monuments, its historical character is genuinely defined by the unforgettable, unconventional, and tenacious individuals interred within its grounds. The following profiles showcase several of its most remarkable permanent residents.

Samuel Hite
Dr. Samuel Hite

Dr. Samuel Hite (The Snake-Oil Salesman)

Dr. Hite embodied the entrepreneurial vigor of the 19th century, running a prosperous patent medicine enterprise in Staunton. He amassed significant wealth by touting "Hite’s Pain Cure," a concoction he brazenly insisted could remedy nearly any illness.

According to local rumor, Dr. Hite once dared a skeptic to swallow a whole bottle of his remedy in the middle of Market Street, vowing it would instantly cure the man’s lameness. Spectators reportedly watched as the man, perhaps emboldened and possibly intoxicated, broke into a clumsy dance to the crowd's delight. Regardless of the cure's validity, this public spectacle sharply boosted Dr. Hite’s sales and secured his colorful reputation.

Lorenzo Sibert
Lorenzo Sibert- Photo - Wikitree

Lorenzo Sibert (The Inventor)

On the eve of the Civil War, Sibert engineered "The Virginia Pacificator," a rapid-fire weapon said to fire 48 rounds without reloading. Some claim that mass production could have altered the war's fate.

Silberts Virginia Pacificator
Silbert's Virginia Pacificator

However, historians still debate whether the weapon was ever completed, as no prototype remains. Archives suggest Sibert produced only sketches and rough models, leaving the real effect of his invention in doubt.

Blue Ridge Tunnel
Blue Ridge Tunnel

Denis Shanahan (The Tunnel Builder)

As a first-generation Irish immigrant and self-taught engineer, Shanahan was vital in building the Blue Ridge Tunnel, a central project linking the Shenandoah Valley to the rest of Virginia.

Brothel run by Marguiretta de Crescioli
Brothel run by Marguiretta de Crescioli

Marguiretta de Crescioli (The Madam)

Marguiretta de Crescioli (The Madam). De Crescioli is remembered as one of western Virginia’s most prominent madams, operating a distinguished brothel in Charlottesville before her interment in Staunton. Local legend recounts that she once hosted a masquerade so grand that city officials considered canceling their own annual ball to avoid comparison.

Accounts suggest she could persuade influential figures, including senators and judges. Narratives regarding her wit, style, and influence have endured, outlasting even the rose bushes planted at her grave.

C.G. Sell (The Stallion Owner)

In sharp contrast to his prosperous cemetery neighbors, Sell lived in hardship in a humble shack by the fairgrounds. Despite scant means, he devoted all he had to caring for a prized black stallion.

Colonel George Porterfield
Colonel George Porterfield

General Robert Porterfield (The Revolutionary)

Though Thornrose Cemetery is known for Civil War burials, Porterfield stands alone as its only identified Revolutionary War officer. He survived the brutal winter at Valley Forge.

Bessie Weller Painting is in the Bessie Weller Elementary School Library
Bessie Weller Painting is in the Bessie Weller Elementary School Library

Bessie Weller (The Pioneer Nurse)

Weller served as Staunton’s inaugural school nurse and led efforts to transform the health and hygiene of the city's children. Her influence remains in the Bessie Weller Elementary School, which bears her name.

Eva Clarke
Eva Clarke - By Aine Norris

Eva Clark (The Trapeze Artist)

Clark, a young performer with the Cole Brothers Circus, was fatally shot in 1906 and abandoned by her troupe. For decades, circus artists visited Thornrose Cemetery to lay flowers on her grave; local accounts say these bouquets often featured a vivid red feather as tribute. In recent years, an anonymous visitor has continued to leave a single white rose and a handwritten note each Christmas. The ink sometimes runs in December rain, leaving only the closing: "Gone but never forgotten."

Copyright © 2025 Appalachian Highlands Farmers Magazine. All rights reserved